Cognitive learning
is a powerful mechanism that provides the means of knowledge, and goes well
beyond simple imitation of others. It is the result of listening, watching,
touching or experiencing. In Cognitive learning the learner is quite active, in
a cognitive way, in processing and remembering newly incoming information. It enables us to create and transmit a
complex culture that includes symbols, values, beliefs and norms.
Cognitive Learning Theory
Two specific theories:
A. Social Cognitive Theory
In the Social Cognitive Theory, we
are considering 3 variables:
- behavioral factors
- environmental factors (extrinsic)
- personal factors (intrinsic)
An individual’s personal experience
can converge with the behavioral determinants and the environmental factors.
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Social Cognitive Theory
Illustration (Pajares, 2002)
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In the person-environment
interaction, human beliefs, ideas and cognitive competencies are modified by
external factors such as a supportive parent, stressful environment or a hot
climate. In the person-behavior interaction, the cognitive processes of a
person affect his behavior; likewise, performance of such behavior can modify
the way he thinks. Lastly, the environment-behavior interaction, external
factors can alter the way you display the behavior. Also, your behavior can
affect and modify your environment. This model clearly implies that for
effective and positive learning to occur an individual should have positive
personal characteristics, exhibit appropriate behavior and stay in a supportive
environment.
In addition, Social Cognitive Theory
states that new experiences are to be evaluated by the learner by means of
analyzing his past experiences with the same determinants. Learning, therefore,
is a result of a thorough evaluation of the present experience versus the past.
Basic
Concepts
1.
Observational
Learning
learning from other people by means of observing them.
learning from other people by means of observing them.
2.
Reproduction
the process wherein there is an aim to effectively increase the repeating of a behavior by means of putting the individual in a comfortable environment with readily accessible materials to motivate him to retain the new knowledge and behavior learned and practice them.
the process wherein there is an aim to effectively increase the repeating of a behavior by means of putting the individual in a comfortable environment with readily accessible materials to motivate him to retain the new knowledge and behavior learned and practice them.
3.
Self-efficacy
the course wherein the learner improves his newly learned knowledge or behavior by putting it into practice.
the course wherein the learner improves his newly learned knowledge or behavior by putting it into practice.
4.
Emotional
coping
good coping mechanisms against stressful environment and negative personal characteristics can lead to effective learning, especially in adults.
good coping mechanisms against stressful environment and negative personal characteristics can lead to effective learning, especially in adults.
5.
Self-regulatory
capability
ability to control behavior even within an unfavorable environment.
ability to control behavior even within an unfavorable environment.
B.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
describes the role of cognition (knowing) to determining and predicting the
behavioral pattern of an individual.
The Cognitive Behavioral Theory says
that individuals tend to form self-concepts that affect the behavior they
display. These concepts can be positive or negative and can be affected by a
person’s environment.
The
Cognitive Triad
Cognitive Behavioral Theory further
explains human behavior and learning using the cognitive triad. This triad
includes negative thoughts about:
- The self (i.e., I am rubbish)
- The world/environment (i.e., the world is irrational)
- The future (i.e., my future is doomed)
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